Findings
Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020
The public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic should increase intervention and prevention efforts to address associated mental health conditions. Community-level efforts, including health communication strategies, should prioritize young adults, racial/ethnic minorities, essential workers, and unpaid adult caregivers.
Follow-up Survey of US Adult Reports of Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic, September 2020
In a later phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2020), the prevalence of adverse mental health symptoms among US adults remained elevated compared with prepandemic estimates. This finding contradicts the notion that adverse mental health symptoms were transient, self-limiting responses. Despite increased COVID-19–related morbidity and mortality risk, adverse mental health symptoms among older adults remained less prevalent. Evidence of sustained adverse mental health symptoms among more than 5000 community-dwelling US adults highlights the need to promote preventive behaviors, expand mental health care access, and integrate medical and behavioral health services to mitigate the mental health effects of COVID-19.
Mental Health Among Parents of Children Aged <18 Years and Unpaid Caregivers of Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, December 2020 and February–March 2021
Among 10,444 U.S. adults surveyed during December 6–27, 2020, and February 16–March 8, 2021, parents, unpaid caregivers of adults, and parents-caregivers (persons in both roles) had significantly worse mental health than adults not in these roles, including five times the odds of any adverse mental health symptoms (parents-caregivers). Persons who had someone to rely on for support had lower odds of experiencing any adverse mental health symptoms. Parents and unpaid caregivers of adults, and particularly those in both roles, might benefit from mental health support and services tailored to their roles.
Mental Health and Substance Use Among Adults with Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, February–March 2021
What is already known about this topic?
Adults with disabilities experience higher levels of mental health conditions and substance use than do adults without disabilities.
What is added by this report?
During February–March 2021, 64.1% of surveyed U.S. adults with disabilities reported adverse mental health symptoms or substance use; past-month substance use was higher than that among adults without disabilities (40.6% versus 24.5%, respectively). Among adults with a diagnosis of mental health or substance use conditions, adults with disabilities more frequently (43% versus 35%) reported pandemic-related difficulty accessing related care and medications.
What are the implications for public health practice?
During public health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic, enhanced mental health and substance use screening among adults with disabilities and improved access to related health care services are critical.
Prior sleep-wake behaviors are associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic among adult users of a wearable device in the United States
U.S. adult wearable users displayed increased sleep duration, more consistent sleep timing, and delayed sleep onset and offset times after the COVID-19 pandemic onset, with subsample heterogeneity. Associations between adverse mental health symptoms and pre- and mid-pandemic short sleep duration and inconsistent sleep timing suggest that these characteristics warrant further investigation as potential modifiable mental health and substance use risk factors.
Shifting Mortality Dynamics in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic as Measured by Years of Life Lost
Background We sought to estimate premature mortality as measured by years of life lost (YLL) associated with leading causes of US death during the first and second pandemic years.
Findings In the United States, 20.8% more COVID-19–involved deaths were reported in the first 10 months of the pandemic compared with a seasonally matched interval in the pandemic's second year. Despite this, 7.4% more years of life were lost in the second pandemic year during that interval due to a 35.7% increase in YLL per COVID-19 death.
Interpretation A shift in COVID-19 mortality to relatively younger people in the second pandemic year contributed to markedly elevated YLL from this increasingly preventable cause of death.
Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during a prolonged COVID-19-related lockdown in a region with low SARS-CoV-2 prevalence
Investigation of mental health in a region with one of the longest lockdowns and lowest COVID-19 prevalence globally (Victoria, Australia) allowed for evaluation of mental health in the absence of substantial direct pandemic mental health consequences. In September 2020, among 1157 Victorians, one-third reported anxiety or depressive disorder symptoms, one-fifth reported suicidal ideation, and one-tenth reported having seriously considered suicide in the prior 30 days. Young adults, unpaid caregivers, people with disabilities, and people with diagnosed psychiatric or sleep conditions showed increased prevalence of adverse mental health symptoms. Persistently common experiences of adverse mental health symptoms despite low SARS-CoV-2 prevalence during prolonged lockdown highlight the urgent need for mental health support services.
Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown
Training frequency and duration decreased during COVID-19 lockdown, which was associated with higher depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. When presented with greater flexibility athletes shifted the times of day in which they trained, particularly avoiding evening hours. Sleep duration increased during lockdown, and sleep times became more regular (decrease in social jetlag), which was associated with better mental health symptoms. These findings suggest the need to raise awareness and education about the implications of decreased training and disrupted sleep in athlete populations. Although lockdown restrictions require social distancing, sporting organisations and teams should focus on maintaining training load, and provide remote opportunities to enhance social connectedness, motivation and support. Where possible, timing of exercise should be adapted to prevent a large discrepancy in sleep timings on work days vs free days, in an effort to increase consistency and thereby improve mental health. Finally, individual differences should be considered in health and exercise programs for athletes, especially for those with an evening chronotype.
In-person vs. home schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences in sleep, circadian timing, and mood in early adolescence
During COVID-19 lockdowns, adolescents around the world have been learning from home. Using objective measures of sleep and circadian timing, a longitudinal study in Melbourne, Australia showed that during remote learning, compared to pre-pandemic in-person learning, adolescents (age 12-13 years) went to sleep and woke later, had longer sleep, and woke in closer alignment with their internal body clocks. Adolescents also had less daytime sleepiness, and lower anxiety symptoms, which was related to reduced perceived stress. These results indicate a silver-lining of remote learning for teens: they slept more, and had less self-reported anxiety. Beyond the pandemic, these results suggest there should be a greater focus on delaying the timing of activities in the morning, such as school commute/start times, for secondary school students.
Delay or Avoidance of Medical Care Because of
COVID-19–Related Concerns — United States, June 2020
By June 30, 2020, because of concerns about COVID-19, an estimated 41% of U.S. adults had delayed or avoided medical care including urgent or emergency care (12%) and routine care (32%). Avoidance of urgent or emergency care was more prevalent among unpaid caregivers for adults, persons with underlying medical conditions, Black adults, Hispanic adults, young adults, and persons with disabilities. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, people who experience a medical emergency should seek care without delay.
Health Care Access and Use Among Adults with Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, February–March 2021
Among adults with diabetes, those aged 18–29 years reported the most disruption in access to and use of medical care and the least engagement in prevention of COVID-19, including vaccination intent. Efforts are warranted to enhance access to diabetes care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to deliver public health messages emphasizing the importance of diabetes management and COVID-19 prevention, including vaccination, especially among younger adults with diabetes.
Delay or avoidance of routine, urgent and emergency medical care due to concerns about COVID-19 in a region with low COVID-19 prevalence: Victoria, Australia
One-third of 1260 surveyed adults with residence in Victoria, Australia reported delay or avoidance of medical care (26% routine, 10% urgent or emergency) due to concerns about COVID-19, despite a relatively low prevalence of COVID-19 in the region. Proactive public health messaging and targeted services to minimize healthcare avoidance—particularly for individuals with chronic medical conditions, people with disabilities and unpaid caregivers—may be critical to avoid preventable increases in all-cause morbidity and mortality during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Public Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Stay-at-Home Orders, Nonessential Business Closures, and Public Health Guidance — United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5–12, 2020
Routine assessment of public priorities can guide public health decisions requiring collective action. Current levels of public support for restrictions and adherence to mitigation strategies can inform decisions about reopening and balancing duration and intensity of restrictions.
Perception of Local COVID-19 Transmission and Use of Preventive Behaviors Among Adults with Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection — Illinois and Michigan, June 1–July 31, 2022
Continued monitoring of public perceptions of local COVID-19 levels, and further understanding their impact on use of preventive behaviors, can guide pandemic-related communication strategies and policymaking.
US Public Opinion as to Whether “The Pandemic is Over,” September to October 2022
Results
Of 4985 surveyed US adults, only 1657 (33.2%) respondents agreed with the statement “the pandemic is over,” while 2141 (43.0%) disagreed and the remaining 1187 (23.8%) were neutral about the statement. Agreement that the pandemic was over was most strongly associated with having received fewer COVID-19 vaccines, lesser concern about SARS-CoV-2 variant viruses, and less frequent engagement in COVID- 19 preventive behaviors, such as mask usage in public spaces, as well as increasingly conservative political ideology, roles as unpaid caregivers of both children and adults, younger age, male sex, and significant disabilities.
Discussion
As of September to October 2022, US public opinion was divided on the characterization of COVID-19 as a pandemic. Belief the pandemic was over was associated with less frequent engagement in COVID-19 preventive behaviors, highlighting the important role of public health communication. Demographic groups to prioritize tailored public health messaging about the pandemic status were identified. Continued assessment of public perceptions about the state of the pandemic is warranted entering Year 4 of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Uncovering Survivorship Bias in Longitudinal Mental Health Surveys
Adjusting for demographics, individuals who completed only one or two out of four surveys had higher prevalences of anxiety and depression symptoms in April 2020 (e.g., one-survey versus four-survey, anxiety symptoms, adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08-1.55, P = 0.0045; depression symptoms, aPR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.17-1.75, P = 0.0005). Among respondents who completed April-2020 and May-2020 surveys, individuals who experienced incident anxiety or depression symptoms significantly higher odds of lower participation in subsequent follow-up surveys (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.49-2.48, aOR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.15-2.12, respectively, both P <0.005). These findings indicate that longitudinal mental health survey studies may be subject to survivorship bias, which could lead to overly optimistic interpretations of mental health trends.
Demographic Characteristics, Experiences, and Beliefs Associated with Hand Hygiene Among Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020
Hand hygiene, including handwashing with soap and water and using hand sanitizer containing ≥60% alcohol, is one measure recommended to prevent COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. In an Internet-based survey, approximately 85% of 4,817 U.S. adults reported frequent hand hygiene after contact with public surfaces. Males, young adults, respondents with lower concern about risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and respondents without personal COVID-19 experience reported less frequent hand hygiene.
COVID-19 messages should continue promoting hand hygiene, particularly among men and young adults. Messages addressing COVID-19 risk perceptions and making handwashing accessible and hand sanitizer available by facilities in public settings should be considered to encourage and facilitate hand hygiene.
Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation Among Unpaid Caregivers in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships to Age, Race/Ethnicity, Employment, and Caregiver Intensity
Caregivers, who accounted for one in four US adult respondents in this demographically diverse sample, more commonly reported adverse mental health symptoms than non-caregivers. Increased visibility of and access to mental health care resources might help to address mental health challenges among unpaid caregivers.
Intent among Parents to Vaccinate Children before Pediatric COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations, Minnesota and Los Angeles County, California—May–September 2021
COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in the United States, December 2020 to March 2021
Three-quarters of March-2021 respondents in our large, demographically diverse sample of US adults reported they would likely obtain a COVID-19 vaccine, and 60% of adults living with or caring for children plan to have them vaccinated as soon as possible. With an estimated 27% of the US population having been infected with SARS-CoV-2, once vaccines are available to children and they have been vaccinated, combined post-infection and post-vaccination immunity will approach 80% of the US population in 2021, even without further infections.
Peer-reviewed Publications
Prior sleep-wake behaviors are associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic among adult users of a wearable device in the United States
Published 20 April 2022
Suvada KA, Quan SF, Weaver MD, Sreedhara M, Czeisler MÉ, Como-Sabetti K, Lynfield R, Grounder P, Traub E, Amoon A, Ladva CN, Howard ME, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Ekwueme DU, Flannery B, Lane RI. Intent among Parents to Vaccinate Children before Pediatric COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations, Minnesota and Los Angeles County, California—May–September 2021. Vaccines. 2022; 10(9):1441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091441.
Prior sleep-wake behaviors are associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic among adult users of a wearable device in the United States
Published 20 April 2022
Czeisler MÉ, Capodilupo ER, Weaver MD, Czeisler CA, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Prior sleep-wake behaviors are associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic among adult users of a wearable device in the United States. Sleep Health. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2022.03.001.
Health Care Access and Use Among Adults with Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, February–March 2021
Published 19 November 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Barrett CE, Siegel KR, Weaver MD, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME, Bullard KM. Health Care Access and Use Among Adults with Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, February-March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Nov 19;70(46):1597-1602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7046a2. PMID: 34793416.
Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation Among Unpaid Caregivers in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships to Age, Race/Ethnicity, Employment, and Caregiver Intensity
Published 23 September 2021
Czeisler, MÉ, Drane A, Winnay SS, Capodilupo ER, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation Among Unpaid Caregivers in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships to Age, Race/Ethnicity, Employment, and Caregiver Intensity. J Affect Disord. 2021;295:1259-1268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.130
Mental Health and Substance Use Among Adults with Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, February-March 2021
Published 27 August 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Board A, Thierry JM, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME, Clarke KEN. Mental Health and Substance Use Among Adults with Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, February-March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(34):1142-1149. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7034a3 PMID: 34437518.
In-person vs. home schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences in sleep, circadian timing, and mood in early adolescence
Published 17 July 2021
Stone JE, Phillips AJK, Chachos E, Hand AJ, Lu S, Carskadon MA, Klerman EB, Lockley SW, Wiley JF, Bei B, Rajaratnam SMW; CLASS Study Team. In-person vs. home schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences in sleep, circadian timing, and mood in early adolescence. J Pineal Res. 2021 Jul 17:e12757. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12757. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34273194.
Mental Health Among Parents of Children Aged <18 Years and Unpaid Caregivers of Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, December 2020 and February–March 2021
Published 17 June 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Rohan EA, Melillo S, Matjasko JL, DePadilla L, Patel CG, Weaver MD, Drane A, Winnay SS, Capodilupo ER, Robbins R, Wiley JF, Facer-Childs ER, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Mental Health Among Parents of Children Aged <18 Years and Unpaid Caregivers of Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, December 2020 and February–March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:879—887. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7024a3 PMID: 34138835.
Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during a prolonged COVID-19–related lockdown in a region with low SARS-CoV-2 prevalence
Published 4 June 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Wiley JF, Facer-Childs ER, Robbins R, Weaver MD, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during a prolonged COVID-19–related lockdown in a region with low SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;140:533—544. Epub ahead of print June 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.080
Delay or avoidance of routine, urgent and emergency medical care due to concerns about COVID-19 in a region with low COVID-19 prevalence: Victoria, Australia
Published 3 June 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Kennedy JL, Wiley JF, Facer-Childs ER, Robbins R, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. Delay or avoidance of routine, urgent and emergency medical care due to concerns about COVID-19 in a region with low COVID-19 prevalence: Victoria, Australia. Respirology. 2021;1—6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14094 PMID: 34081819.
Uncovering Survivorship Bias in Longitudinal Mental Health Surveys During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published 26 May 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Wiley JF, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. Uncovering Survivorship Bias in Longitudinal Mental Health Surveys During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2021;30(E45). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S204579602100038X PMID: 34036933; PMCID: PMC8207539.
Early public adherence with and support for stay-at-home COVID-19 mitigation strategies despite adverse life impact: a transnational cross-sectional survey study in the United States and Australia
Published 15 March 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Howard ME, Robbins R, Facer-Childs ER, Barger LK, Rajaratnam SMW, Czeisler CA. Early public adherence with and support for stay-at-home COVID-19 mitigation strategies despite adverse life impact: a transnational cross-sectional survey study in the United States and Australia. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):503. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10410-x. PMID: 33722226
Follow-up Survey of US Adult Reports of Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic, September 2020
Published 19 February 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Wiley JF, Czeisler CA, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Follow-up Survey of US Adult Reports of Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic, September 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(2):e2037665. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37665. PMID: 33606030
Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown
Published 4 February 2021
Facer-Childs ER, Hoffman D, Tran JN, Drummond SPA, Rajaratnam SMW. Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown. Sleep. 2021;44(5):zsaa261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa261. PMID: 33535229
Demographic Characteristics, Experiences, and Beliefs Associated with Hand Hygiene Among Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020
Published 15 October 2020 (Global Handwashing Day!)
Czeisler MÉ, Garcia-Williams AG, Molinari N, Gharpure R, Li Y, Barrett CE, Robbins R, Facer-Childs ER, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. Delay or Avoidance of Demographic Characteristics, Experiences, and Beliefs Associated with Hand Hygiene Among Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1485—1491. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6941a3. PMID: 33056951. PMCID: PMC7561087
Delay or Avoidance of Medical Care Because of COVID-19–Related Concerns — United States, June 2020
Published 10 September 2020
Czeisler MÉ, Marynak K, Clarke KE, Salah Z, Shakya I, Thierry JM, Ali N, McMillan H, Wiley JF, Weaver, MD, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. Delay or Avoidance of Medical Care Because of COVID-19–Related Concerns — United States, June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1250—1257. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6936a4. PMID: 32915166. PMCID: PMC7499838
Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020
Published 13 August 2020
Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, Wiley JF, Christensen A, Njai R, Weaver MD, Robbins R, Facer-Childs ER, Barger LK, Czeisler CA, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1049—1057. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1. PMID: 32790653 PMCID: PMC7440121
Public Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Stay-at-Home Orders, Nonessential Business Closures, and Public Health Guidance
Published 12 June 2020
Czeisler MÉ, Tynan MA, Howard ME, Honeycutt S, Fulmer EB, Kidder DP, Robbins R, Barger LK, Facer-Childs ER, Baldwin G, Rajaratnam SMW, Czeisler CA. Public Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Stay-at-Home Orders, Nonessential Business Closures, and Public Health Guidance — United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5–12, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:751—758. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e1. PMID: 32555138. PMCID: PMC7302477.
Pre-print Reports
Intent among Parents to Vaccinate Children before Pediatric Vaccine Recommendations, Minnesota and Los Angeles County, California--May-September 2021
Posted 27 July 2022 - now published in Vaccines (citation above)
Suvada KA, Quan SF, Weaver MD, Sreedhara M, Czeisler MÉ, Como-Sabetti K, Lynfield R, Grounder P, Traub E, Amoon A, Ladva C, Howard ME, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Ekwueme DU, Flannery B, Lane RI. Intent among Parents to Vaccinate Children before Pediatric Vaccine Recommendations, Minnesota and Los Angeles County, California--May-September 2021 . Preprints. Posted online July 2022. [Preprint Manuscript]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0418.v1.
Years of Life Lost in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March 2020 to October 2021
Posted 22 July 2022
Czeisler MÉ, Czeisler CA. Years of Life Lost in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March 2020 to October 2021. medRxiv. Posted online July 2022. [Preprint Manuscript]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.22.22277899.
Prior sleep-wake behavior predicts mental health resilience among adults in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic
Posted 22 June 2021 - now published in Sleep Health (citation above)
Czeisler MÉ, Capodilupo ER, Weaver MD, Czeisler CA, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Prior sleep-wake behavior predicts mental health resilience among adults in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv. Posted online June 2021. [Preprint Manuscript]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.15.21258983.
COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in the United States, December 2020 to March 2021
Posted 17 May 2021
Czeisler MÉ, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME, Czeisler CA. COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in the United States, December 2020 to March 2021. medRxiv. Posted online May 2021. [Preprint Manuscript]. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.16.21257290.
Uncovering Survivorship Bias in Longitudinal Mental Health Surveys
Posted 17 February 2021 - now published in Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences (citation above)
Czeisler MÉ, Wiley JF, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. Uncovering Survivorship Bias in Longitudinal Mental Health Surveys. medRxiv. Posted online February 2021. [Preprint Manuscript]. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/0.1101/2021.01.28.21250694.
Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation Among Unpaid Caregivers in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships to Age, Race/Ethnicity, Employment, and Caregiver Intensity
Posted 5 February 2021 - now published in Journal of Affective Disorders (citation above)
Czeisler, MÉ, Drane A, Winnay SS, Capodilupo ER, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation Among Unpaid Caregivers in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships to Age, Race/Ethnicity, Employment, and Caregiver Intensity. medRxiv. Posted online February 2021. [Preprint Manuscript]. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/0.1101/2021.02.02.21251042
Public Adherence with and Support for COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Mitigation Strategies
Posted 24 April 2020 - now published in BMC Public Health (citation above)
Czeisler MÉ, Howard ME, Robbins R, Barger LK, Facer-Childs ER, Rajaratnam SMW, Czeisler CA. COVID-19: Public Compliance with and Public Support for Stay-at-Home Mitigation Strategies. medRxiv. Posted online April 2020. [Preprint Manuscript]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.20076141.